Semiconductor
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Semiconductor
Semiconductors are materials whose conductivity is between conductor and insulator at room temperature. Semiconductor is a kind of material with controllable conductivity, ranging from insulator to conductor. From the perspective of science and technology and economic development, semiconductor affects people's daily work and life, until 1930s, this material was recognized by the academic community.
Development history
The discovery of semiconductors can actually be traced back a long time ago.
In 1833, Faraday, the father of electronics, a British scientist, first found that the resistance of silver sulfide was different from that of ordinary metals with the change of temperature. In general, the resistance of metals increased with the increase of temperature, but Faraday found that the resistance of silver sulfide materials decreased with the increase of temperature. This is the first discovery of semiconductor phenomena.
Soon after, in 1839, Becquerel in France found that the junction formed by the contact between semiconductor and electrolyte would generate a voltage under the light, which was later known as the photovoltaic effect, which was the second characteristic of semiconductor.
In 1873, Smith of England discovered the photoconductivity effect of increasing conductivity of selenium crystal materials under light, which is the third characteristic of semiconductors.
In 1874, Braun of Germany observed that the conductance of some sulfides is related to the direction of the applied electric field, that is, the conductance has directionality. If a positive voltage is applied at both ends of the sulfide, it is conductive; if the polarity of the voltage is reversed, it will not conduct electricity, which is the rectifying effect of the semiconductor and the fourth characteristic of the semiconductor. In the same year, Schuster discovered the rectification effect of copper and copper oxide.
Although these four characteristics of semiconductors were discovered before 1880, the term semiconductor was first used by cornenberg and Weiss in 1911. These four characteristics of semiconductors were not completed by Bell Laboratories until December 1947.
In October 2019, an international research team said that compared with only three parameters obtained in the traditional Hall measurement, the new technology can obtain up to seven parameters under each test light intensity: including the mobility of electrons and holes; the density of carriers under light, recombination life, diffusion length of electrons, holes and bipolar types.